How Ratings Are Determined

Every candidate is evaluated against the same published standards, using publicly verifiable evidence.

  • The evidenceVotes and legislation, public statements and documented actions, and findings by courts, election authorities or ethics bodies.
  • The standardConduct, not ideology. Intent is not inferred, and silence is never scored as a violation.
  • The sourcesEvery assessment is documented, with full sources listed at the bottom of each scorecard.
Read the full methodology →

How to Read This

Colors reflect constitutional accountability based on publicly verifiable conduct. They are not endorsements or predictions of election outcomes. Ratings reflect the severity, pattern, and context of conduct.

Green — Clear constitutional compliance / restraint
Amber — Mixed, limited, or under-articulated record
Red — Clear or repeated constitutional breach

Michigan · U.S. House

MI Constitutional Accountability Scorecard — Summary Table

Contest & Candidate Use of Force Rule of Law Election Integrity
U.S. House (MI-07)
Tom Barrett (R, incumbent)
William Lawrence (D)
U.S. House (MI-10)
Christina Hines (D)
Michael Bouchard, Jr. (R)

U.S. House (MI-07) — Candidate Assessments

Tom Barrett

Republican Incumbent — MI-07

Use of Force: GreenRule of Law: AmberElection Integrity: Red

1. Use of Force — Green

GREEN

What the Record Shows

  • Initially voted against measures requiring congressional authorization for U.S. military action in Iran, but later voted three times to limit operations absent congressional authorization and introduced an authorization that would limit the scope and duration of military action, prohibit U.S. ground troops and require congressional oversight.
  • Introduced bipartisan legislation requiring meaningful human oversight before autonomous or AI-enabled U.S. military weapons could conduct intentionally lethal strikes.
  • Worked with federal officials to secure the release of Michigan resident Lue Yang from ICE custody, saying immigration enforcement should be “firm, fair, and humane” and that Yang did not pose a threat to the community.

Why Green

Barrett's Iran record evolved toward reasserting Congress's constitutional war-powers role, ultimately including repeated votes and legislation establishing congressional limits on presidential military action.

His autonomous-weapons legislation and intervention in an individual ICE detention provide additional evidence of supporting safeguards and accountability in the exercise of coercive government authority.

2. Rule of Law & Oversight — Amber

AMBER

What the Record Shows

  • Has introduced legislation intended to strengthen Congress's constitutional role over military force, including authorization requirements, time limits and congressional oversight of military operations.
  • Helped introduce and voted for the bipartisan Stop Insider Trading Act, restricting individual-stock trading by members of Congress and their families and requiring greater disclosure.
  • Has introduced government-reform measures addressing federal-agency oversight, judicial structure and campaign-finance accountability.
  • Expressed support for President Trump's pardons of individuals involved in the January 6 Capitol attack. The January 2025 clemency action included pardons for individuals convicted of offenses arising from January 6 and commutations for 14 named individuals.

Why Amber

Barrett has a demonstrated track record of supporting congressional authority, government ethics, transparency and institutional reforms, including restrictions on congressional stock trading and measures strengthening Congress's constitutional war-powers role.

His support for the January 6 pardons, however, creates a significant counterpoint in that record. The sweeping clemency extended to individuals convicted through the judicial process arising from an effort to disrupt the certification of a presidential election results in a mixed Rule-of-Law record under CIU's criteria.

3. Election Integrity — Red

RED

What the Record Shows

  • In January 2021, while serving in the Michigan Senate, joined ten other Republican state senators in asking Congress to “pursue every available option” to examine allegations of wrongdoing in the 2020 election shortly before certification. An earlier draft bearing the same signatories called for delaying certification, although that version was not ultimately sent.
  • In 2022, described the legitimacy of the 2020 presidential election as “unknowable,” after Michigan had lawfully certified the result and extensive state and local reviews had affirmed its accuracy and found no evidence of widespread fraud sufficient to alter the outcome.
  • Voted for the SAVE Act in 2025, which requires documentary proof of U.S. citizenship for federal voter registration, a requirement that could create barriers for eligible voters who lack ready access to qualifying documents.
  • Has continued to advocate election-security measures while stating that he does not support federalizing elections.

Why Red

Barrett's record includes significant concerns regarding acceptance of certified election results: he sought further congressional examination of the 2020 election shortly before certification and later continued to question its legitimacy after Michigan's lawful certification process and extensive reviews had affirmed the result.

His support for the SAVE Act reflects an election-integrity objective, but its documentary proof-of-citizenship requirements could create significant barriers for eligible voters who lack ready access to qualifying documents, raising voter-access concerns under CIU's criteria.

William Lawrence

Democratic Challenger — MI-07

Use of Force: GreenRule of Law: AmberElection Integrity: Green

1. Use of Force — Green

GREEN

What the Record Shows

  • Opposes the U.S. military operation in Iran and has called for congressional authorization of military action, describing the conflict as an unauthorized war and urging Congress to reassert its constitutional war-powers role.
  • Has strongly criticized current ICE enforcement practices, arguing that immigration enforcement must operate within constitutional and due-process protections and calling for accountability for unconstitutional conduct. In a Michigan Public interview, he described the current immigration enforcement regime as “lawless” and “unconstitutional.”
  • Has called for ending what he describes as the “ICE occupation” of American cities and has criticized masked and unidentified federal agents conducting immigration arrests. His platform also calls for greater regulation of government surveillance.

Why Green

Lawrence has repeatedly articulated constitutional and due-process limits on both military force and domestic immigration enforcement, including Congress's constitutional role in authorizing military action.

Lawrence has articulated a repeated and consistent pattern of support for constitutional and due-process limits on government force, particularly regarding military action and immigration enforcement.

2. Rule of Law & Oversight — Amber

AMBER

What the Record Shows

  • Has made restoring the Rule of Law part of his campaign agenda, including holding ICE accountable for unconstitutional conduct and banning stock trading by members of Congress and the executive branch.
  • Has argued that immigration enforcement must comply with due process, emphasizing that constitutional protections apply regardless of citizenship status.
  • Has called for legal accountability for President Trump's conduct surrounding January 6, arguing that Trump was never adequately held accountable and should face the judicial process.
  • Supports protecting the political independence of public institutions and regulating government surveillance, while opposing efforts he says would roll back existing civil-rights protections.

Why Amber

Lawrence has articulated a consistent set of positions emphasizing due process, legal accountability, restrictions on congressional conflicts of interest, civil rights and limits on government surveillance.

His positions reflect a consistent emphasis on due process, legal accountability, restrictions on conflicts of interest and limits on government surveillance, although the available record provides less evidence on judicial independence, inspectors general and other congressional oversight mechanisms.

3. Election Integrity — Green

GREEN

What the Record Shows

  • Supports what he describes as the right to vote “securely and easily” and opposes federal legislation requiring documentary proof of citizenship for federal voter registration.
  • Opposes the SAVE Act's documentary proof-of-citizenship requirement, a position consistent with avoiding registration barriers for eligible voters who lack ready access to qualifying documents.
  • Has pledged to oppose efforts to roll back existing federal civil-rights protections, including voting-rights protections.

Why Green

Lawrence's stated positions consistently emphasize voting access and opposition to documentary proof-of-citizenship requirements that could create barriers for eligible voters, consistent with the voter-access component of CIU's election criteria.

His record includes multiple, specific positions supporting voting access and voting-rights protections, providing a consistent body of evidence regarding his approach to election integrity.

U.S. House (MI-10) — Candidate Assessments

Christina Hines

Democratic Candidate — MI-10

Use of Force: AmberRule of Law: GreenElection Integrity: Green

1. Use of Force — Amber

AMBER

What the Record Shows

  • Has called for an end to the Iran war and said that although Iran poses a threat, U.S. military action must “follow the Constitution” and have a clear strategic endgame.
  • Has criticized immigration enforcement in which people are detained without warrants or due process, while saying ICE should focus on removing dangerous criminals.
  • As a prosecutor, worked with and trained law-enforcement officers while implementing trauma-informed interviewing practices and other reforms in the investigation of sexual assault and child-abuse cases.

Why Amber

Hines has consistently articulated constitutional and due-process limits on government force, including military action and immigration enforcement, while also supporting law enforcement directed at serious criminal activity.

Her record is concentrated primarily on military action, immigration enforcement and criminal justice, providing less evidence of how she approaches other uses of government force and coercive authority.

2. Rule of Law & Oversight — Green

GREEN

What the Record Shows

  • Has called for an independent and impartial Department of Justice where laws are applied consistently and without political interference, and has criticized DHS policies she says unfairly target or destabilize communities.
  • Supports the bipartisan Restore Trust in Congress Act, which would prohibit members of Congress, their spouses and dependent children from trading individual stocks.
  • As a prosecutor and later chief of a Special Victims Unit and Appeals division, worked to reform investigative practices, train law-enforcement officers and strengthen accountability in sexual-assault, child-abuse and hate-crime cases.
  • Met with an Epstein survivor in September 2026 and discussed her experience prosecuting special-victims cases and efforts concerning release of remaining Epstein records.
  • Has also advocated strengthening voting-rights protections and overturning Citizens United.

Why Green

Hines's record reflects a consistent emphasis on independent law enforcement, limits on political interference, government transparency and congressional accountability, including specific ethics reforms such as the Restore Trust in Congress Act.

That record is supported by both specific policy commitments and demonstrated professional conduct within the justice system, including efforts to reform investigative practices and strengthen accountability as a prosecutor.

3. Election Integrity — Green

GREEN

What the Record Shows

  • Supports the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act and Freedom to Vote Act, citing protections against voter discrimination, ballot access and greater campaign-finance transparency.
  • Has publicly opposed the SAVE Act, arguing that its documentary proof-of-citizenship requirements could prevent millions of eligible Americans from voting.
  • Has advocated overturning Citizens United and reducing the influence of dark money in elections.

Why Green

Hines has articulated a consistent pattern of support for voting rights, ballot access and election transparency, including specific federal voting-rights legislation and opposition to documentary proof-of-citizenship requirements she argues would create barriers for eligible voters.

Her record includes multiple, specific positions across different aspects of election integrity, including voter access, voting-rights protections and campaign-finance transparency, providing a substantive portfolio of evidence regarding her approach to this pillar.

Michael Bouchard, Jr.

Republican Candidate — MI-10

Use of Force: AmberRule of Law: AmberElection Integrity: Amber

1. Use of Force — Amber

AMBER

What the Record Shows

  • Supports U.S. military action against Iran, saying intelligence he saw during his military service indicated Iran was moving toward a nuclear weapon; he has also said he opposes long-term wars.
  • Advocates for increased federal immigration enforcement and has called for additional training and resources for ICE agents rather than reducing the agency's enforcement capacity.

Why Amber

Bouchard has supported substantial federal military and law-enforcement authority while also emphasizing limits on prolonged military involvement and improved training for immigration enforcement.

His available record provides limited evidence of the constitutional constraints he believes should govern presidential war powers or the use of federal law-enforcement authority.

2. Rule of Law & Oversight — Amber

AMBER

What the Record Shows

  • Has expressed broad support for President Trump's agenda but has not publicly detailed how he would approach congressional checks on presidential authority when the two conflict.
  • When asked whether he would have supported the House measure requiring release of Justice Department records related to Jeffrey Epstein, did not provide an on-the-record position.
  • The available record provides few specific positions on congressional oversight, judicial independence, separation of powers or executive accountability.

Why Amber

The available record contains few specific positions concerning congressional oversight, judicial independence, separation of powers or executive accountability.

His broad support for the administration does not by itself establish how he would respond when congressional oversight, judicial authority or other constitutional constraints on executive power are directly tested.

3. Election Integrity — Amber

AMBER

What the Record Shows

  • Has urged Congress to pass the SAVE America Act, arguing that requiring proof of citizenship and voter identification would protect election integrity and ensure that only eligible U.S. citizens vote.
  • Has said the legislation would protect Americans' “voice and vote” and help prevent foreign influence in U.S. elections.

Why Amber

Bouchard's support for documentary proof-of-citizenship requirements reflects an election-integrity objective, but such requirements could create significant barriers for eligible voters who lack ready access to qualifying documents.

Beyond his support for documentary proof-of-citizenship and voter-identification requirements, Bouchard's available record contains relatively few specific positions addressing other dimensions of election integrity.

Sources

Tom Barrett (MI-07)

  1. Office of Rep. Tom Barrett. (2026). Limiting Conflict in Iran and Restoring Congressional War Powers.
  2. Office of Rep. Tom Barrett. (July 17, 2026). Barrett, Beyer, Jacobs Introduce Bipartisan Bill To Require Human Oversight Over Autonomous And AI Weapons.
  3. Office of Rep. Tom Barrett. (December 19, 2025). Barrett Facilitates Release of St. Johns Resident from ICE Custody, Reuniting Hmong Family.
  4. Office of Rep. Tom Barrett. (January 21, 2026). Barrett Introduces 4 Bills to Restore Trust in Government, the First Pillar of His Blueprint for a Better America.
  5. Office of Rep. Tom Barrett. (2026). Barrett Helps Pass Congressional Stock Trading Ban, Voter ID Requirement.
  6. Office of Rep. Tom Barrett. (2026). Barrett Launches Fifth Pillar of Blueprint for a Better America to Reform Campaign Finance.
  7. ABC4. (January 6, 2025). Congress Certifies Trump's Presidential Election Win.
  8. The White House. (January 20, 2025). Granting Pardons and Commutation of Sentences for Certain Offenses Relating to the Events at or Near the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021.
  9. Michigan Advance. (January 6, 2021). Michigan Senate Republicans Circulate Draft Letter to Congress for Delay in Electoral College Certification.
  10. WXYZ 7 News Detroit. (September 27, 2022). Will Michigan Candidates Accept the Results of the 2022 Election? Here's What They Said.
  11. Michigan Advance. (December 23, 2022). Trump Asked Rep. Walberg to Help Him Halt Certification of 2020 Election, Jan. 6 Report Says.
  12. U.S. House of Representatives, Office of the Clerk. (April 10, 2025). Roll Call 102 — H.R. 22, SAVE Act.
  13. Office of Rep. Tom Barrett. (2026). Michigan Republican Delegation Demands Answers from Secretary Benson on Election Integrity.
  14. CBS News Detroit. (2026). Michigan Leaders React to Trump Call to Nationalize Elections, Including Detroit.

William Lawrence (MI-07)

  1. Guides. Vote. (2026). 2026 Michigan (MI-07) U.S. House Voters Guide. https://guides.vote/guide/2026-michigan-mi-07-us-house-voters-guide/.
  2. Michigan Advance. (March 2, 2026). Iran Attack Prompts War Powers Debate in Michigan's 7th Congressional District Race.
  3. Michigan Public. (July 24, 2026). Michigan's 7th District Democratic Primary: Meet Candidate William Lawrence.
  4. Michigan Advance. (July 10, 2026). After Primary Debate Falls Through, Lawrence Takes Questions at Lansing Town Hall.
  5. William Lawrence for Congress. (2026). Campaign Platform.
  6. WKAR Public Media. (March 29, 2026). Democratic House Candidate Will Lawrence Calls for Trump to Be 'Put on Trial.'
  7. National Women's Law Center Action Fund. (2026). Michigan's 7th Congressional District — 2026.

Christina Hines (MI-10)

  1. Guides.vote. (2026). 2026 Michigan (MI-10) U.S. House Voters Guide.
  2. Michigan Advance / The 19th. (October 13, 2026). These Prosecutors Saw How the Justice System Failed Women. Now They’re Running for Congress.
  3. LocalCandidates.org. Christina Hines — Positions.
  4. Christina Hines for Congress. (February 17, 2026). Congress Shouldn't Be Allowed to Trade Stocks.
  5. C-SPAN. (September 26, 2026). U.S. House Candidate Christina Hines (D-MI) Meets with Epstein Survivor.
  6. Christina Hines for Congress. (June 25, 2026). The American Dream Is Frozen.
  7. Prediction Edge. Christina Hines Political Positions.

Michael Bouchard, Jr. (MI-10)

  1. CBS News Detroit. (July 29, 2026). Michael Bouchard Talks Campaign for Michigan's 10th Congressional District.
  2. Bouchard for Congress. Michael Bouchard for Congress.
  3. Guides.vote. (2026). 2026 Michigan (MI-10) U.S. House Voters Guide.
  4. Michigan Public. (September 28, 2026). Michigan's Tenth Congressional Race Could Determine Which Party Controls Congress.
  5. National Women's Law Center Action Fund. (2026). Michigan's 10th Congressional District — 2026.
  6. American Journal News. (November 25, 2025). House GOP Candidates Stay Silent on Releasing Epstein Files.
  7. Prediction Edge. Michael Bouchard Jr. Political Positions