How Ratings Are Determined
Every candidate is evaluated against the same published standards, using publicly verifiable evidence.
- The evidenceVotes and legislation, public statements and documented actions, and findings by courts, election authorities or ethics bodies.
- The standardConduct, not ideology. Intent is not inferred, and silence is never scored as a violation.
- The sourcesEvery assessment is documented, with full sources listed at the bottom of each scorecard.
How to Read This
Colors reflect constitutional accountability based on publicly verifiable conduct. They are not endorsements or predictions of election outcomes. Ratings reflect the severity, pattern, and context of conduct.
Iowa · U.S. House
IA Constitutional Accountability Scorecard — Summary Table
| Contest & Candidate | Use of Force | Rule of Law | Election Integrity |
|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. House (IA-01) | |||
| Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R, incumbent) | |||
| Christina Bohannan (D) | |||
| U.S. House (IA-03) | |||
| Zach Nunn (R, incumbent) | |||
| Sarah Trone Garriott (D) |
U.S. House (IA-01) — Candidate Assessments
Mariannette Miller-Meeks
Republican Incumbent — U.S. House (IA-01)
1. Use of Force —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Has generally supported expanded ICE and CBP enforcement resources, while also calling for investigation and transparency following fatal federal enforcement actions.
- Initially voted against congressional measures seeking to limit presidential military action in Iran, but later voted to require congressional authorization for continued hostilities.
- Supported the U.S. operation that captured Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, praising the administration's use of military and law-enforcement power.
Why Amber
Miller-Meeks has called for transparency and investigation when federal law-enforcement actions result in loss of life.
Her record on military force is mixed: she initially supported greater presidential latitude in Iran and strongly supported the Venezuela operation, but later voted to reassert Congress's constitutional war-powers role.
2. Rule of Law & Oversight —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Raised concerns about transparency surrounding the administration's proposed $1.8 billion “anti-weaponization” fund and called for congressional oversight of how the money would be allocated.
- Voted for the No Rogue Rulings Act, limiting federal district courts' ability to issue nationwide injunctions against executive-branch actions.
- Supported government-transparency and congressional-accountability measures, including the Epstein Files Transparency Act and legislation banning members of Congress from trading individual stocks.
Why Amber
Miller-Meeks has affirmative evidence of supporting congressional oversight, transparency and government accountability.
Her No Rogue Rulings Act vote, however, favored greater executive latitude by limiting a significant judicial constraint on executive action.
3. Election Integrity —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Voted to certify the 2020 presidential election results from Arizona and Pennsylvania, explicitly citing the Constitution, state authority over electors and her oath to defend the Constitution.
- Supported creation of the bipartisan congressional commission to investigate the January 6 attack.
- Has repeatedly supported and advocated for documentary proof-of-citizenship requirements intended to strengthen election integrity, but which could create significant barriers for eligible voters who lack ready access to qualifying documents.
Why Amber
Miller-Meeks’s record includes clear support for certified election results: she upheld the 2020 results when they were challenged and supported an independent investigation of the January 6 attack.
At the same time, her support for stronger voter-eligibility safeguards reflects an election-integrity objective; however, the documentary requirements she supports could significantly burden eligible voters, creating a voter-access concern under CIU's criteria.
Christina Bohannan
Democratic Challenger — U.S. House (IA-01)
1. Use of Force —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Called for ICE reform to increase transparency, accountability and professionalism, and called for government accountability and investigation following fatal federal enforcement actions.
- As an Iowa legislator, opposed the 2021 “Back the Blue” legislation, objecting to provisions that increased penalties for protest-related offenses and restricted local discretion over law enforcement. Her contemporaneous criticism specifically described portions of the legislation as “dangerous and disturbing.”
- The reviewed record does not establish a substantive public position from Bohannan on congressional authorization for the Iran conflict.
Why Amber
Bohannan's available record contains affirmative evidence of supporting accountability and restraint in federal and local law enforcement, including investigation of fatal enforcement actions and protections surrounding lawful protest.
Her record provides considerably less evidence of how she approaches the constitutional division of military war-making authority between Congress and the president.
2. Rule of Law & Oversight —
GREENWhat the Record Shows
- Has proposed a broad federal ethics agenda that includes banning stock trading by members of Congress, executive-branch officials and Supreme Court justices; creating an independent Congressional Ethics Agency; restricting the revolving door between government and lobbying; and establishing a Supreme Court code of ethics. Her campaign also proposes a constitutional amendment addressing Citizens United.
- Has framed those proposals around separation of powers, rule of law and reducing conflicts of interest across all three branches of government.
- Her Iowa legislative record includes opposition to expanded qualified immunity and provisions of the “Back the Blue” legislation that she argued would restrict protest rights and local-government discretion over law enforcement.
Why Green
Bohannan has articulated a detailed set of proposals aimed at strengthening ethics, transparency and independent accountability across Congress, the executive branch and the Supreme Court.
Because Bohannan has not held federal office, her federal ethics and accountability record consists of proposed reforms; her state legislative service provides some evidence of how she has approached these issues in office.
3. Election Integrity —
GREENWhat the Record Shows
- Requested a lawful recount after trailing Miller-Meeks by roughly 800 votes in the 2024 election and stated in advance that she had “full trust in this process” and would accept the result regardless of the outcome.
- After the recount confirmed Miller-Meeks's victory by 798 votes, Bohannan conceded and thanked election officials for ensuring that lawful votes were counted.
- Has publicly described voting rights as foundational to democracy and supported efforts intended to protect lawful voter participation.
Why Green
Bohannan's strongest evidence is her own conduct following an exceptionally close election: she used the lawful recount process, committed beforehand to accepting its outcome and conceded after the recount confirmed her defeat.
Her public statements also emphasize protecting lawful voter participation, although the reviewed record does not identify a position on the SAVE Act.
U.S. House (IA-03) — Candidate Assessments
Zach Nunn
Republican Incumbent — U.S. House (IA-03)
1. Use of Force —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Called for a full and transparent investigation following fatal ICE enforcement actions and said the administration should be held accountable for the use of force.
- Voted against the Iran War Powers Resolution, while warning against prolonged U.S. military involvement or a “forever war” in the Middle East.
- Condemned political violence across the political spectrum and rejected its use to achieve political ends.
- Has supported increased resources for law enforcement, including additional officers, equipment and de-escalation and safety training.
Why Amber
Nunn has demonstrated support for accountability in the use of government force and has unequivocally rejected political violence.
His Iran record is mixed: he initially supported greater presidential latitude in the use of military force, but later voted to reassert Congress's constitutional war-making authority.
2. Rule of Law & Oversight —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Introduced bipartisan legislation aimed at congressional accountability, including banning stock trading by members of Congress and extending restrictions on lobbying after leaving office.
- Has supported stronger border enforcement while also sponsoring legislation providing certain undocumented immigrants, including DACA recipients, a pathway to permanent legal status.
- Voted for the No Rogue Rulings Act, limiting the ability of federal district courts to issue nationwide injunctions against executive-branch actions.
Why Amber
Nunn has affirmative evidence of supporting government accountability, particularly through bipartisan congressional ethics and anti-corruption legislation.
His vote to restrict nationwide judicial injunctions, however, favored greater executive latitude by limiting one form of judicial constraint on executive action.
3. Election Integrity —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Has not joined claims in the supplied record alleging systemic fraud in the 2020 presidential election.
- Supported and voted for federal legislation requiring documentary proof of citizenship for voter registration and additional voter-identification requirements, arguing that these measures are necessary to protect election integrity.
Why Amber
The record provided does not identify conduct by Nunn challenging certified election results or lawful transfers of power.
His support for documentary proof-of-citizenship requirements reflects an election-integrity objective, but could create significant barriers for eligible voters, raising voter-access concerns under CIU's criteria.
Sarah Trone Garriott
Democratic Challenger — U.S. House (IA-03)
1. Use of Force —
GREENWhat the Record Shows
- Opposed U.S. military action in Iran, calling the conflict reckless and citing the deaths of two Iowans from her district.
- Called for ICE to follow the law and be accountable for its use of force, including an independent investigation into fatal ICE shootings in Minnesota.
- Condemned political violence in all forms and has supported police accountability measures, including body cameras, while opposing expanded qualified immunity and increased penalties for protest-related offenses.
Why Green
Garriott's record demonstrates consistent support for restraints and accountability in the exercise of government force, including military action and federal and local law enforcement.
She has also unequivocally rejected political violence and supported measures intended to increase law-enforcement accountability.
2. Rule of Law & Oversight —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Has called for comprehensive immigration reform that combines border enforcement with legal pathways, protection for Dreamers and greater accountability for ICE.
- As an Iowa state senator, opposed legislation restricting the State Auditor's ability to audit state agencies and advocated greater transparency for private institutions receiving public funds.
Why Amber
Garriott has affirmative evidence of supporting government transparency, independent oversight and accountability, particularly through her state legislative record.
Her record on broader constitutional checks—including separation of powers and judicial authority—is limited, leaving less evidence on which to assess her approach when those institutions are directly tested.
3. Election Integrity —
AMBERWhat the Record Shows
- Opposed legislation requiring Iowa to use the federal SAVE system to verify voter citizenship, arguing that inaccurate data could disenfranchise eligible voters; she cited a constituent whose ballot was rejected after being wrongly flagged as a possible noncitizen.
Why Amber
Garriott has taken affirmative action to protect eligible voters from potential disenfranchisement resulting from inaccurate citizenship data.
Beyond this issue, however, the available record provides limited evidence of her positions on other major election-integrity questions, including certification, election administration and challenges to lawful election outcomes.
Sources
Mariannette Miller-Meeks
- Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks. (January 2026). Miller-Meeks Statement on ICE Protest in Iowa.
- Radio Iowa. (March 6, 2026). Iowa's congressional delegation votes against limiting U.S. bombardment of Iran.
- CBS2 Iowa. (September 16, 2026). Nunn, Miller-Meeks break with GOP in vote to limit Trump's war powers.
- U.S. House of Representatives. (September 15, 2026). H. Con. Res. 93 — Iran War Powers Resolution, Roll Call 307.
- Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks. (January 2026). Miller-Meeks Statement on Capture of Dictator Maduro.
- Des Moines Register. (May 28, 2026). Miller-Meeks says Trump anti-weaponization fund gives her pause.
- U.S. House of Representatives. (April 9, 2025). No Rogue Rulings Act — H.R. 1526, Roll Call 98.
- U.S. House of Representatives. (November 18, 2025). Epstein Files Transparency Act — H.R. 4405, Roll Call 289.
- Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks. (November 19, 2025). Miller-Meeks Calls for Vote to Ban Congressional Stock Trading.
- Des Moines Register. (June 9, 2021). Miller-Meeks defends independent January 6 commission vote.
- Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks. (February 11, 2026). Miller-Meeks Votes to Pass SAVE America Act to Secure Federal Elections.
- Rep. Mariannette Miller-Meeks. (May 12, 2026). Miller-Meeks Urges Leader Thune to Advance the SAVE Act.
- Brennan Center for Justice. (June 11, 2024). 21.3 Million American Citizens of Voting Age Don't Have Ready Access to Citizenship Documents.
Christina Bohannan
- CBS2 Iowa. (May 17, 2026). Beyond the Podium: 1st Congressional District candidate Christina Bohannan.
- Laura Belin. (January 28, 2026). Three campaigns end, one begins, and lots of legislative news.
- Little Village Magazine. (April 12, 2021). The state's “Back the Blue” bills will make us less free and less safe.
- Iowa Starting Line. (April 21, 2021). GOP’s ‘Back The Blue Bill’ Punishes Protesters, Makes Situation Worse.
- Christina Bohannan for Congress. Priorities — Restoring Faith in Our Government. Christina Bohannan for Congress.
- Radio Iowa. (November 14, 2024). Challenger Bohannan calls for recount in razor-thin Congressional contest.
- Radio Iowa. (November 27, 2024). Miller-Meeks wins recount in Iowa's first congressional district.
Zach Nunn
- Iowa PBS. (February 13, 2026). U.S. Representative Zach Nunn — Iowa Press.
- Iowa Public Radio. (April 14, 2026). Nunn tells Iowans he won’t support ‘endless war’ at MAGA Nation event.
- U.S. House of Representatives. (September 15, 2026). H. Con. Res. 93 — Iran War Powers Resolution, Roll Call 307.
- Radio Iowa. (September 16, 2026). Nunn, Miller-Meeks vote to curb Trump's authority to wage 'open-ended war' in Iran.
- Raccoon Valley Radio. (September 18, 2025). Congressman Nunn Shares Thoughts Following Death of Political Activist Charlie Kirk.
- Rep. Zach Nunn. (May 16, 2025). Nunn Introduces Bipartisan Bill to Reauthorize and Double COPS Funding for Local Police Departments.
- Rep. Zach Nunn. (April 13, 2026). Strengthening Iowa’s Law Enforcement.
- Rep. Zach Nunn. (January 10, 2025). Nunn Introduces Bipartisan Anti-Corruption Legislation.
- Iowa Public Radio. (April 14, 2026). Nunn tells Iowans he won’t support ‘endless war’ at MAGA Nation event.
- U.S. House of Representatives. (April 9, 2025). No Rogue Rulings Act of 2025 — H.R. 1526.
- Iowa PBS. (February 13, 2026). U.S. Representative Zach Nunn — Iowa Press.
- U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Rules. (February 10, 2026). SAVE America Act.
Sarah Trone Garriott
- Jefferson Herald. (August 26, 2026). Sarah Trone Garriott has faith in Iowa's future.
- Sarah for Iowa. Immigration That's Smart, Fair, and Reflects Our Values.
- KCCI. (January 26, 2026). Legal standards for deadly force in officer shootings.
- Laura Belin. (January 27, 2026). Three campaigns end, one begins, and one keeps rolling in Iowa's U.S. House races.
- Guides.vote. (2026). 2026 Iowa 3rd Congressional District Voters Guide.
- Iowa Legislature. (February 10, 2026). Senate File 2243 — State Government Audits and Auditor Access.
- Iowa Public Radio. (February 26, 2026). Iowa Senate passes bills requiring use of federal systems to verify immigration status.